Borghi,
Anna M., Glenberg, Arthur M., & Kaschak, Michael P.
Putting
Words in Perspective.
Materials Experiment 1
1. Car
Inside Perspective. You are driving a car.
Outside Perspective. You are washing a car.
Mixed Perspective. You are walking toward and entering a car.
Inside Parts. steering-wheel / horn / fuel gauge / gas pedal
Outside Parts. Trunk / tires / antenna / door-handle
garage
road
taxi
street
Can you see outside?
Can you touch the headlights?
Is the car in front of you?
Is the car behind you?
Is the car close to you?
Is the car far away from you?
2. Airplane
Inside Perspective.You are sitting in an airplane.
Outside Perspective.You are looking at an airplane.
Mixed Perspective. You are walking toward and entering into an airplane.
Inside Parts. Aisle / seat belt / TV screen / telephone
Outside Parts. Nose / wing / tail / engine
airport
flight
city
cloud
Can you see other passengers?
Are there many wild animals?
Is the airplane within your sight?
Is the airplane out of your sight?
Is the airplane open?
Is the airplane closed?
3. Train
Inside Perspective.You are reading on a train.
Outside Perspective.You are watching a train arriving.
Mixed Perspective. You are watching a train stopping and you are
entering it.
Inside Parts. Seat / ceiling / luggage rack / dining car
Outside Parts. Locomotive / luggage car / sleeping car / caboose
speed
underground
station
noise
Are you sitting on the train?
Are you running on the train?
Is the train on the railway?
Are you in a bus-station?
Has the train stopped?
Is the train moving?
4. Restaurant
Inside Perspective.You are eating in a restaurant.
Outside Perspective.You are standing outside a restaurant.
Mixed Perspective. You are walking toward a restaurant and entering into
it.
Inside Parts. Table / table cloth / light / kitchen
Outside Parts. Sign / building / door / posted menu
shop
crowd
pub
people
Is the plate in front of you?
Is the plate behind you?
Are you outside a restaurant?
Are you inside an elevator?
Is the restaurant open?
Is the restaurant closed?
5. Church
Inside Perspective. You are praying in a church.
Outside Perspective. You are waiting outside a church.
Mixed Perspective. You are parking by a church and entering it.
Inside Parts. Pew / altar / organ / chapel
Outside Parts. bell tower / roof / steeple / facade
ceremony
religion
village
songs
Are you facing the pulpit?
Is your back to the pulpit?
Are you near the church?
Are you in a skyscraper?
Is the church open?
Is the church closed?
6. House
Inside Perspective. You are relaxing in your house.
Outside Perspective. You are gardening outside your house.
Mixed Perspective. You are entering your house.
Inside Parts. TV / table / basement / attic
Outside Parts. Siding / shutters / gutter / deck
family
palace
town
driveway
Are you inside the house?
Are you inside a swimming pool?
Are you near the house?
Are you in a desert?
Is there a way to enter?
Are you swimming to enter?
7. Factory
Inside Perspective. You are working in a factory.
Outside Perspective. You are looking at a factory.
Mixed Perspective. You are driving toward a factory and entering into
it.
Inside Parts. Machinery / hand tool / office / shelf
Outside Parts. Gate / parking lot / chimney / bricks
salary
trade-union
strike
pollution
Have you ever entered in it?
Are you on a beach?
Is the factory within your sight?
Is the factory out of your sight?
Is the factory open?
Is the factory closed?
8. Castle
Inside Perspective. You are living in a castle.
Outside Perspective. You are admiring a castle.
Mixed Perspective. You are walking outside a castle and then touring it.
Inside Parts. Hall / lamp / fireplace / dungeon
Outside Parts. defensive wall / tower / draw bridge / moat
battle
king
legend
tale
Do you live inside the castle?
Are you on a desert mountain?
Is the castle in front of you?
Is the castle behind you?
Is the castle door open?
Is the castle door closed?
9. Camper
Inside Perspective. You are traveling in a camper.
Outside Perspective. You are driving by a camper.
Mixed Perspective. You are near a camper and entering into it.
Inside Parts. Stove / sofa / bed / bathroom
Outside Parts. Side / taillight / headlight / wheel
tent
holiday
route
highway
Can you see outside?
Are you lying on the grass?
Are you close to the camper?
Are you far away from the camper?
Is the camper in front of you?
Is the camper behind you?
10. School
Inside Perspective. You are teaching in an elementary school.
Outside Perspective. You are waiting outside an elementary school.
Mixed Perspective. You are waiting outside an elementary school and then
entering
it.
Inside Parts. Classroom / coat hook / lunch room / library
Outside Parts. fire escape / playground / basketball hoop / stairs
lesson
education
instructor
children
Do you know this school?
Are you a student in the school?
Can you see the school?
Is the school out of your sight?
Are you allowed to enter?
Is the school closed?
Materials Experiment 2
1. Car
Inside Perspective. You are driving a car.
Outside Perspective. You are fueling a car.
Inside Near Parts. steering-wheel / horn
Inside Far Parts. back seat / rear window
Outside Near Parts. Trunk / tire
Outside Far Parts. Headlight / hood
garage
road
taxi
street
Can you see outside?
Can you touch the headlights?
Is the car in front of you?
Is the car behind you?
Is the car close to you?
Is the car far away from you?
2. Airplane
Inside Perspective. You are sitting in an airplane.
Outside Perspective. You are looking at an airplane from the front.
Inside Near Parts. tray table / seat belt
Inside Far Parts. Bathroom / cockpit
Outside Near Parts. Nose / wing
Outside Far Parts. Tail / landing gear
airport
flight
city
cloud
Can you see other passengers?
Are there many wild animals?
Is the airplane within your sight?
Is the airplane out of your sight?
Is the airplane at an airport?
Is the airplane being repaired?
3. Train
Inside Perspective. You are reading on a train.
Outside Perspective. You are watching a train arriving.
Inside Near Parts. Seat / arm rest
Inside Far Parts. Door / caboose
Outside Near Parts. Locomotive / headlight
Outside Far Parts. baggage car / sleeping car
speed
underground
station
noise
Are you sitting on the train?
Are you running on the train?
Is the train on the railway?
Are you in a bus-station?
Can you see the train?
Is the train moving?
4. Restaurant
Inside Perspective. You are eating in a restaurant.
Outside Perspective. You are standing outside a restaurant.
Inside Near Parts. Table / table cloth
Inside Far Parts. Restroom / kitchen
Outside Near Parts. Door / posted menu
Outside Far Parts. Sign / building
shop
crowd
pub
people
Is the plate in front of you?
Is the plate behind you?
Are you outside a restaurant?
Are you inside an elevator?
Is the restaurant open?
Is the restaurant closed?
5. Church
Inside Perspective. You are praying in a church.
Outside Perspective. You are waiting outside a church.
Inside Near Parts. Pew / kneeler
Inside Far Parts. Organ / altar
Outside Near Parts. Steps / door
Outside Far Parts. Steeple / roof
ceremony
religion
village
songs
Are you facing the pulpit?
Is your back to the pulpit?
Are you near the church?
Are you in a skyscraper?
Is the church open?
Is the church closed?
6. House
Inside Perspective. You are relaxing in your house.
Outside Perspective. You are gardening outside your house.
Inside Near Parts. TV / coffee table
Inside Far Parts. Furnace / attic
Outside Near Parts. Siding / basement window
Outside Far Parts. Chimney / gutter
family
palace
town
driveway
Are you inside the house?
Are you inside a swimming pool?
Are you near the house?
Are you in a desert?
Is there a way to enter?
Are you swimming to enter?
7. Factory
Inside Perspective. You are working in a factory.
Outside Perspective. You are looking at the loading dock of a factory.
Inside Near Parts. Machinery / tool
Inside Far Parts. Office / meeting room
Outside Near Parts. Door / signs
Outside Far Parts. exhaust fan / steam vent
salary
trade-union
strike
pollution
Have you ever entered in it?
Are you on a beach?
Is the factory within your sight?
Is the factory out of your sight?
Is the factory open?
Is the factory closed?
8. Castle
Inside Perspective. You are living in a castle.
Outside Perspective. You are in front of a castle admiring it.
Inside Near Parts. Lamp / fireplace
Inside Far Parts. Dungeon / prison
Outside Near Parts. draw bridge / moat
Outside Far Parts. defensive wall / tower
battle
king
legend
tale
Do you live inside the castle?
Are you on a desert mountain?
Is the castle in front of you?
Is the castle behind you?
Is the castle door open?
Is the castle door closed?
9. Camper
Inside Perspective. You are sleeping in a camper.
Outside Perspective. You are looking at a camper from the front.
Inside Near Parts. Sofa / bed
Inside Far Parts. Bathroom / stove
Outside Near Parts. Headlight / windshield wiper
Outside Far Parts. tail light / boat hook
tent
holiday
route
highway
Can you see outside?
Are you lying on the grass?
Are you close to the camper?
Are you far away from the camper?
Is the camper in front of you?
Is the camper behind you?
10. School
Inside Perspective. You are teaching in an elementary school.
Outside Perspective. You are waiting outside an elementary school by the
main
entrance.
Inside Near Parts. Classroom / desk
Inside Far Parts. lunch room / library
Outside Near Parts. Stairs / door knob
Outside Far Parts. Playground / fire escape
lesson
education
instructor
children
Do you know this school?
Are you a student in the school?
Can you see the school?
Is the school out of your sight?
Are you allowed to enter?
Is the school closed?
Materials
Experiment 3
1. There's a doll standing on the table
in front of you.
Upper Part: Hair.
Lower Part: ankle. Associated: kindergarten, baby.
2.
There's a wine bottle
upright on the table in front of you.
Upper Part: Cork. Lower Part: bottom. Associated: glass, water.
3.
There's a tea cup on a
tray.
Upper Part: Rim. Lower Part: bottom.
Associated: milk, mug.
4.
There's a lit candle in
front of you.
Upper Part: Wick. Lower Part: bottom.
Associated: light, dark.
5.
There's a chair in
front of you.
Upper Part: Back. Lower Part: feet.
Associated: stool, sofa.
6.
There's a snowman in front
of you.
Upper Part: Nose. Lower Part: feet.
Associated: cold, rain.
7.
There's a mannequin
standing in front of you.
Upper Part: Hat. Lower Part: socks.
Associated: store, fashion.
8.
There's a piano in
front of you.
Upper Part: Key. Lower Part: pedal.
Associated: guitar, flute.
9.
There's a car in front
of you.
Upper Part: Roof. Lower Part: wheel.
Associated: road, train.
10. There's a
TV in front of you.
Upper Part: Antenna. Lower Part: screen.
Associated: armchair, shelf.
11. There's a
bed in front of you.
Upper Part: Headboard. Lower Part:
mattress. Associated: dream, wardrobe.
12. There's a
pencil upright in front of you.
Upper Part: Eraser. Lower Part: point.
Associated: pen, paper.
13. There's a
parka on a hanger in front of you.
Upper Part: Hood. Lower Part: pocket.
Associated: trousers, drawer.
14. There's
cappuccino in a cup in front of you.
Upper Part: Foam. Lower Part: grounds.
Associated: breakfast, tea.
15. There's a
dog in front of you.
Upper Part: Ears. Lower Part: legs.
Associated: wolf, loyalty.
16. There's a
tree in front of you.
Upper Part: Branch. Lower Part: root.
Associated: wind, garden.
17. There's a
flower in front of you.
Upper Part: Petal. Lower Part: stem.
Associated: smell, gift.
18. There's a
bird in front of you.
Upper Part: Beak. Lower Part: claw.
Associated: nest, sky.
19. There's a
cat in front of you.
Upper Part: Eyes. Lower Part: paw.
Associated: food, lion.
20. There's a
horse in front of you.
Upper Part: Head. Lower Part: hoof.
Associated: rider, prairie.
21. There's
an elephant in front of you.
Upper Part: Trunk. Lower Part: feet.
Associated: parade, giraffe.
22. There's a
child in front of you.
Upper Part: Shoulder. Lower Part: knee.
Associated: toy, drawing.
23. There's
an cornstalk growing in front of you.
Upper Part: Tassel. Lower Part: stem. Associated: market, wheat.
24. There's a
man in front of you.
Upper Part: Eyebrows. Lower Part: shoes.
Associated: woman, work.
25. There's a
monkey in front of you.
Upper Part: Mouth. Lower Part: hand.
Associated: cage, zoo.
26. There's a
girl in front of you.
Upper Part: Braid. Lower Part: toe.
Associated: boy, playground.
27. There's a
rooster in front of you.
Upper Part: Crest. Lower Part: feather.
Associated: chicken, duck.
28. There's a
giraffe in front of you.
Upper Part: Head. Lower Part: neck.
Associated: zoo, prairie.
29. There's a
mountain in front of you.
Upper Part: Snow. Lower Part: base.
Associated: air, cloud.
30. There's a
lake in front of you.
Upper Part: Water. Lower Part: bottom.
Associated: beach, river.
31. There's a
hut in front of you.
Upper Part: Chimney. Lower Part: door.
Associated: home, movie.
32. There's a
skyscraper in front of you.
Upper Part: Observation deck. Lower Part:
entrance door. Associated: city, street.
33. There's a
house in front of you.
Upper Part: Attic. Lower Part: basement.
Associated: building, driveway.
34. You're in
an office.
Upper Part: Ceiling . Lower Part: floor.
Associated: job, collegue.
35. You're in
a hallway.
Upper Part: Light. Lower Part: carpet. Associated:
dining room, food.
36. You're in
a field.
Upper Part: Grass. Lower Part: earth.
Associated: land, valley.
37. There's a
church in front of you.
Upper Part: Bell. Lower Part: entrance.
Associated: parking lot, town.
38. There's a
palace in front of you.
Upper Part: Rain gutter. Lower Part:
foundation. Associated: family, castle.
39. You're on a boat.
Upper Part: Sail. Lower Part: deck.
Associated: sea, ocean.
40. You're in
a hotel.
Upper Part: Penthouse. Lower Part: lobby.
Associated: motorway, airport.
41. You're in
a forest.
Upper Part: Tree tops. Lower Part:
undergrowth. Associated: countryside, road.
42. You're at
a playground.
Upper Part: Slide. Lower Part: sandbox.
Associated: jogger, games.